Integration Model of Sustainable Urban Architectural Elements: Evidence from Boulevard II in Coastal Manado, Indonesia

Abstract

The development of road infrastructure in coastal areas plays a crucial role in improving connectivity, fostering economic growth, and reshaping the city's spatial structure. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Boulevard II development in Manado on the transformation of sustainable coastal urban architectural elements. Boulevard II is a coastal highway as part of the transportation infrastructure on the north coast of Manado City. The method used is a quantitative approach with multivariate analysis using SEM-PLS. Data were collected through observations and a survey of 100 respondents. The results showed that the Boulevard II development significantly affected the city's architectural elements, with a T-statistic value of 4.141 and a P-value of 0.000. Specifically, the greatest impact was observed in the socio-spatial aspect (Cronbach's alpha = 0.930; AVE = 0.707), followed by the socio-cultural (Cronbach's alpha = 0.936; AVE = 0.662) and socio-economic aspects (Cronbach's alpha = 0.870; AVE = 0.606). The development improved accessibility, changed land use by 27%, and increased trade and service activities by 101%. The conclusion of this study confirms the importance of an integrative approach in planning the coastal urban architectural elements, considering socio-cultural, socio-spatial, and socio-economic aspects to optimize sustainable coastal city infrastructure development.