Formulation of Climate Adaptation Plans Using Common Reporting Framework: The Case of Four Malaysian Cities

Abstract

Enhancing resilience in developing country cities is vital due to their susceptibility to climate change impacts. Therefore, crafting effective climate adaptation plans is essential. However, the lack of attention to the framework and processes for developing such plans persists, as Malaysia is currently formulating a national adaptation policy, resulting in unclear institutional frameworks for its cities. This paper operationalizes the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM) Common Reporting ramework (CRF) as a primary guide for climate adaptation plans in four Malaysian cities—Muar, Penampang, Tawau, and Hang Tuah Jaya. Each city has unique characteristics. The three key phases involve: (i) foundation preparation (i.e., obtaining buy-in and commitment from policymakers; (ii) climate risk and vulnerability assessment (i.e., requiring secondary climatic data and context-specific knowledge from local stakeholders via focused group discussions); and (iii) formulation of adaptation plans (i.e., identifying and prioritizing appropriate adaptation policy options and strategies). The GCOM-CRF is commended for its flexibility and comprehensiveness addressing multidimensional climatic hazards and adaptation actions. The standardized, evidence-based, and collaborative process aligns with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement. However, achieving a comprehensive climate action plan requires considering the mitigation pillar, detailed implementation roadmap, key implementers, technology partners, project timeframe, financial allocation, and monitoring.