Understanding the Semantic Attribute of Malay Architectural Ornamentation Using Semiotics Analysis

Abstract

Malay architecture represents a vital expression of cultural identity, traditionally transmitted through oral practices and craftsmanship rather than written documentation. While previous research has explored both the intrinsic and explicit attributes of Malay architecture, the symbolic interpretation of ornamentation remains underdeveloped, particularly in contemporary design practices that attempt to evoke a "Malay architectural" identity. This study addresses that gap by applying a semiotic approach to analyse the meanings embedded in Malay ornamentation. Focusing on a carved wall panel (papan ukir) from Istana Balai Besar in Kelantan, the research employs a dual-layered analysis which consist literature synthesis for ornamentation attributes and semiotic analysis based on the frameworks of Roland Barthes, Umberto Eco, and Charles Jencks. The findings reveal that Malay ornamentation functions as a culturally embedded sign system, comprising both physical (explicit) and spiritual (implicit) attributes. Among the theoretical models used, Eco's coding system proved the most effective in capturing the technical, syntactic, and semantic dimensions of ornament. This study presents a structured methodological framework for interpreting Malay architectural ornamentation, offering practical insights for architects, historians, and conservationists. It affirms the value of cultural semiotics in preserving and innovating regional architectural identity within contemporary practice.